In 1621, there was a dispute between the participants in a stool ball game and Governor William Bradford for playing on Christmas day while everyone else worked.[1] The Puritans were separatists and did not believe in celebrating Christmas because it was a pagan holiday and the puritans went to work like any other day.[2] Governor William Bradford allowed those who wished to celebrate Christmas to take a day off from their work.[3] Later, Governor William Bradford found those people playing stool ball and pitching the bar in the street while everyone else was working.[4] Governor William Bradford took away their games and told them it “was against his conscience that they should play and others work.”[5] Bradford wrote about this in his journal.[6] This showed us that while the Puritans worked hard, they did have some time to enjoy fun and game, and often they had too much time to enjoy games like early forms of baseball.[7] The governor of Plymouth Plantation was William Bradford. He happened to be a major character in the story. William Bradford was a devoted separatist of the English Church. He did not believe in celebrating the Christmas Holiday because all days should be sacred. He also saw the Christmas holiday a pagan tradition. This became a problem for the game of Stool Ball because games like stool ball were often played at festivities and the governor objects to festivities on Christmas. Another obstacle the game of stool ball faced is town laws. At the time of the existence of Plymouth Plantation, There were a couple town laws put in place to restrict the games being played. In this story, it will be seen how the religious ways of the Puritans affected (but did not impede) the furthering of recreation. Also, how some of the objection to game being played like stool ball did not have anything to do with religion, but just the time and place. The children in general were an important set of characters. We have seen how the kids who played these games were able to get around the rules and still play the games, and the consequences of going around the rules. The main character, as funny as it may sound, was the game stool ball. The game was the one that the children wanted to play the game, and the Governor William Bradford was not that fond of the game. The story was really about the game and the reaction towards it. Overall, the subject of this project has been an attempt to illustrate a story about the early game of baseball and how the game persisted to thrive despite great obstacles in the early going. Basically, the story here started in Plymouth Plantation. The story of baseball has lasted for quite some time, but the subject of this project was to tell a small portion of that story. So, just a look at this simple analysis, it was easy to tell that baseball has been a consistent and even overlooked part of American culture. It has been said often that baseball was not from America, it came from England. Well, the Puritans came from England and they brought with them a game called stool ball. The Puritan contribution to American culture was bigger than anyone would have ever thought.
The history of baseball has been something of great debate. Where did the game of baseball start? Who invented it? The American debate has been was it an English game or American game? Many scholars have agreed that it was an English game. Scholars who take that stance most likely were wrong. The game of baseball American game at its origins either, yet it most likely came to the Americas from the West (‘Americas’ distinct from the United States). Now ground zero for the game of baseball was in Ancient Egypt.[8] The Egyptian game was called seker-hemat or batting the ball. It was my belief that the Egyptian culture traveled in two directions mainly because of foreign occupation Egypt several times over.[9] The two directions were Europe and eventually England. The second direction was through modern day and eventually Russia by 14th century.[10] Early pioneers like General Funston and Spalding assumed baseball would be newly introduced to the indigenous people of the Far North. This was a misconception.[11] Before Americans brought their version of baseball northward, Alaska Natives played a game described as a mix of cricket, dodgeball and baseball.[12] The Native American version of baseball most likely made it to Alaska by coming through two different routes.[13] The Russians introduced to the Aleut and Alutiiq people of Alaska area an ancient batting game called Lapta, which dates back to the 14th century.[14] During the 19th century, Sami reindeer herders from Scandinavia taught the Inupiat, Inuit, and Yupik people Lapp Ball.[15] The two versions likely came from the same Siberian source.[16] This story was all about the route out of England. The story of how the Puritans brought the United States culture the game of baseball.
A single culture connected to the origins of baseball was why the method of microhistory was the most efficient method of historical research and historical point of view. The origins and lineage of baseball was often a mainstream point of view. The story the essay told was of the unrecognized contributions the Puritans had to American culture and how the Puritans of Plymouth Colony gave the future United States of America a piece of culture that has been a large portion of the American culture. In this research project, the question was posed: how expansive was the game stool ball (Early form of baseball) in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 to 1690 as it pertained to finding out what this game of stool ball in puritan New England large contribution to the future of American Culture? Was Stool Ball a game that was played at festive events? Maybe it was played at thanksgiving fests. Not that this was necessary to know, yet if this game was enjoyed at get-togethers than one could draw a picture on how wide spread within the Plymouth Colonies it was. Why has this question been important? It has been important because the expansiveness of the game stool ball had spoken to the expansion of the game from culture to culture. Why was the knowledge of culture-to-culture spreading so important? It was simple; identifying that the game stool ball (early form of baseball) spread from culture-to-culture would give historians the beginning of the Genealogy of Baseball. The Puritans came to Plymouth (USA) with a game called stool ball. Stool ball was an early form of baseball, and by default the puritans gave us baseball or at least brought it to us.
There has been much written about the many contributions of the puritans, but the contribution of baseball has been nearly brushed over. Let’s look at this for a second. Baseball has been a huge part of American culture. Organized Amateur leagues predate the civil war. In 1845, The New York Knickerbockers put together rules that were the foundation of the amateur baseball. After the Civil War, pro baseball formed…1869 to be exact. One year later, in 1870, the Chicago White Stockings (Cubs) were formed. The Chicago Cubs Franchise predates the formation of the National League. Not to get to bogged down into the details of baseball history, but for 148 of the 241 years that our great country has existed, pro baseball has existed (or 61% of America’s history). Also, 172 years of America’s existence organized baseball has existed (or 71% of America’s history). To go a step further, the earliest mention of ‘baseball’ was in a town hall record in Philadelphia in 1791. For 226 years of America’s existence, baseball has at the very least been played for recreation (or 93% of America’s history). So, just looking at this simple analysis, it was easy to tell that baseball has been a consistent and even overlooked part of American culture. It was always said that baseball was not from America, it came from England. Well, the Puritans came from England and they brought with them a game called stool ball. The Puritan contribution to American culture was bigger than anyone would have ever thought.
The game in focus here was Stool-ball, an early ancestor of baseball. Stoolball was a sport that dates back to at least the 1400s, originating in Sussex, England. It was an ancestor of baseball and rounders; in fact stoolball was sometimes called Cricket in the air.[17] Originally, it was played by farmhands who used the milking stools as a wicket.[18] Stoolball was attested by name as early as 1450.[19][20] Almost all references during the medieval period describe it as a game played during Easter celebrations, typically as a courtship pastime rather than a competitive game.[21][22] The game’s associations with romance remained strong into the modern period; Fletcher and Shakespeare’s comedy The Two Noble Kinsmen, used the phrase playing stool ball as slang for sexual behaviour.[23][24] Alice Gomme wrote that the earliest references show that the game was called Stobball or Stoball,[25] and was a game peculiar to North Wilts, North Gloucestershire, and a little part of Somerset, near Bath: but although 1600s antiquarian John Aubrey describes a game called Stobball, played in this area, his description of it does not sound like stoolball,[26] and another contemporary text from the same region characterises stoball as a game played mainly by men and boys.[27] The Oxford English Dictionary says that it was unlikely that stool ball could have been corrupted into stobball.[28] In an 1801 book entitled The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, Joseph Strutt claimed to have shown that baseball-like games can be traced back to the 14th century, in particular an English game called stoolball.[29] The earliest known reference to stoolball was in a poem written in 1330 by William Pagula, who recommended to priests that the game be forbidden within churchyards.[30] With the history of the game, it was clearly imbedded in the culture of the English culture, the same English culture that was brought over to America with the Puritans. This has been the history of baseball.
In the game of stoolball, one player threw the ball at a target at the same time as another player defended the target.[31] Originally, the target was defended with a bare hand.[32] Later down the line, the participants would use a bat of some kind was used.[33] Stob-ball and stow-ball were regional games similar to stoolball.[34] What the target originally was in stoolball was not certain; it was possibly a tree stump, since stob and stow all mean stump in some local dialects.[35] It was notable that in cricket to this day, the uprights of the wicket were called stumps.[36] Of course, the target could well have been whatever was convenient, perhaps even a gravestone.[37] A 1600s book on games specifies a stool.[38] As one legend goes, milkmaids played stoolball as they waited for their husbands to return from the fields in which they worked.[39] Another theory was that stoolball developed as a game played after attending church services, in which case the target was probably a church stool.[40] A 1700s poem illustrates people of both sexes who played together, and it associates the game especially with the Easter holiday.[41] Over the years, there were several versions of stoolball.[42] In the earliest versions, the object was primarily to defend the stool.[43] Defending the stool successfully counted for one point and the batter would then be out if the ball hit the stool.[44] There was no running involved. There was another version of stoolball that involved running between two stools, and scoring was similar to the scoring in cricket.[45] In another version there were several stools, and points were scored by running around them just as in baseball.[46]
When the Puritans came to America from their religious intolerant homeland, they brought the game of stoolball along with them.[47] Governor of Plymouth Plantation William Bradford wrote in his journal on Christmas Day in 1621, which noted how the people of Plymouth were “frolicking in the street, at play openly; some pitching the bar, some at stoole-ball and shuch-like sport”.[48] Because of the many different versions of stoolball, and because the game of stool ball wasn’t just played in England, but also in colonial America, the game of stoolball was considered by many to have been the basis of not only cricket, but both baseball and rounders did as well.[49] This just happened to be one of the most famous depictions of puritans at play. Governor Bradford was a villain to baseball’s survival because Governor Bradford rejects the ability to play games. This was pivotal to baseball’s survival because a popular game among the children and non-separatists in Plymouth Plantation was Stool Ball. Stool Ball was an early for of baseball, which had it not spread through the culture of the Northeastern part of America, baseball would have died out. Governor Bradford would have been responsible for the fatal blow.
The Puritans have been described as a group that was anti-fun or did not approve of pleasure. This has been easy to overlook, because most of the work done in the scholarly world was focused on the religious aspects of the Puritan people. For example, The Puritan Family and Religion: A Critical Reappraisal, by Gerald F. Moran and Maris A. Vinovskis, where the conversation starts about the religious nature of the puritans. In modern usage, the word puritan has been often used to describe someone who adheres to strict, joyless moral or religious principles.[50] By this definition, hedonism and puritanism have the same meaning.[51] In fact, Puritans actually embraced sexuality but only in the context of marriage.[52] One of the biggest obstacles of the early game of baseball was the puritans great devotion for their religion and their affinity for hard labor or lack of affinity for leisure. One of the things that helped baseball prevail was the non-separatists. The non-separatists were not against the pagan holiday of Christmas and did not have any problem playing on the holiday. This was the backbone of the eventual contribution by the puritans to America.
Peter Gay wrote that the Puritans have’ common reputation for something called “dour prudery” which was a misunderstanding of things that went unquestioned in the 1800s. Peter Gay went on to say how unpuritanical the Puritans were in favour of sex within the context of marriage, and really opposed the view of the Catholic veneration of virginity, based on writings and other knowledge from Edward Taylor and John Cotton.[53] One Puritan settlement in Western Massachusetts went as far as to banish a husband who refused to have sex with his wife.[54] The Puritan settlement sent him into exile.[55] There is the focus on the relationship with the Native Americans as well as the interest in the first Thanksgiving. The Native American angle has been important because the Puritans were friends with the local tribes. The local tribes played similar games. The Indians may have encouraged them to play games, encourage the non-separatists that is. Just another angle as to why the puritans made a much greater contribution to American culture than many originally thought.
The Puritans were in a sense, religious rebels. They left England because they disagreed with the Church of England. Arriving on the coast of Massachusetts Bay, the Puritans build Plymouth Plantation in 1620. A portion of Puritans were known as non-separating Puritans. These Puritans were Puritans who were not satisfied with the Reformation of the Church of England yet they remained with the church, while advocating for further reforms.[56] This group disagreed among themselves about how much further reformation was possible or even necessary.[57] Others thought that the Church of England was so corrupt that true Christians should separate from it altogether; they were known as separating Puritans or simply Separatists.[58] The term “Puritan” in the wider sense includes both groups.[59] Separatists had no particular Church title.[60] The Mayflower Pilgrims[61] were referred to only as Separatists.[62] Plymouth Colony leaders such as John Robinson and William Brewster were considered separatists.[63][64] On the other hand, John Winthrop, a main leader of Puritan journey to New England was considered a non-separating Puritan.[65] These were the puritans who were okay with playing games such as Stool Ball…an early form of baseball. There was a wide verity of views among modern historians on whether Separatists can or should be properly counted as Puritans,[66] never the less separatists and non-separatists alike have typically been seen by many as two separate groups of the Puritan view.[67] This is just another reason why the puritans gave American culture a much larger boost than anyone ever thought.
There was another group of people that influenced the playing of games by the Puritans and forced them out of the shell that Governor William Bradford had created around the town when it came to playing games like early forms of baseball. The Wampanoag Indians influenced the Puritans through celebration. The Wampanoag children learned to play a lot of games.[68] The Wampanoag children played a lot of different types of “toss and catch’ games.[69] It was common for the “toss and catch” games to be made with deer bones.[70] It was not just early forms of baseball with the Native Americans. But the Wampanoag most certainly played early forms of baseball with the puritans. It is unclear whether the Native Americans enjoyed Stool Ball as their own past time.
The Wampanoag culture encouraged “toss and catch” games because it built good eye-and-hand coordination.[71] This type of skill was helpful in hunting with a bow and arrows, which was a skill needed for survival.[72] These games were also common in England, but it was unclear to historians how often the children in Puritan life played these games.[73] There was not a lot of evidence of people from 1620 writing letters or keeping records about playing games, but none the less there has been evidence of some.[74] It was very safe to make the assertion that children in Plymouth Colony most likely played the same kinds of games that were played in England as well as the same games that the Wampanoag played,[75] since the interaction of the two groups happened quite frequently. The Wampanoag taught the Puritans how to cultivate the varieties of corn, squash and beans that flourished in New England, as well as how to catch fish, hunt for deer, and to process the food, so it was not incomprehensible that the Wampanoag and Puritans engaged in leisurely activity…including early forms of baseball.[76]
Just briefly, an introduction of the relationship between the Wampanoag and the Puritans. Following the year 1630, residents of Plymouth Colony became dominated by the Puritan population. The Puritans had no tolerance of other Christian denominations and saw the Native Americans largely as savages. The Puritans were soldiers and traders who had little interest in friendship or cooperation with the Indians.[77] The English expanded westward into the Connecticut River Valley.[78] As 1637 came around, the Puritans destroyed the Pequot Confederation in military action.[79] In 1643 they defeated the Narragansett in a war; with support from the English monarchy, effectively making the Wampanoag the dominant tribe in southern New England.[80] All this is important because there are certain relationships that the puritans had that may have helped the puritans overcome their religious nature that prevented them from partaking in regular fun. The major problem that stool ball faced in puritan life was Governor Bradford and his separatist’s beliefs.
Children were not the only ones in 1600s New England society having fun.[81] Adults, excluding Governor William Bradford, would occasionally played sports as part of celebrations, like weddings and other celebrations.[82] In 1621, there was a dispute between the participants in a stool ball game and Governor William Bradford for playing on Christmas day while everyone else worked.[83] The Puritans were separatists and did not believe in celebrating Christmas because it was a pagan holiday and the puritans went to work like any other day.[84] Governor William Bradford allowed those who wished to celebrate Christmas to take a day off from their work.[85] Later, Governor William Bradford found those people playing stool ball and pitching the bar in the street while everyone else was working.[86] Governor William Bradford took away their games and told them it “was against his conscience that they should play and others work.”[87] Bradford wrote about this in his journal.[88] This shows us that while the Puritans worked hard, they did have some time to enjoy fun and game, and often they had too much time to enjoy games like early forms of baseball.[89]
It was December 25, 1621[90]. Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Plantation was calling the residents “out to work as was used.[91]” “It goes against our consciences to work this day,[92]” said the new company on Plymouth Plantation to Governor Bradford’s work request. The Puritan separatists were against Christmas. People like Governor William Bradford saw Christmas as a Pagan Holiday. Yet, not every resident on Plymouth Plantation was not a Puritan Separatist and therefore saw Christmas day as a day of celebration. “If you make it a matter of conscience, than I will spare you until you are better informed,[93]” the Governor replied. Governor William Bradford headed to work with the rest of them. When the governor returned, he found the new company playing stool-ball. The governor was furious. Mr. Bradford took their equipment from the new company. “It is against my conscience for you to play and other work. If you made the keeping of it a matter of devotion, we’ll let you keep your home, but there should be no gaming or reveling in the streets,[94]” the Governor exclaimed. The Governor was more opposed to the new company playing whiles others working. Because as Yoram Weiss writes in his scholarly paper Work and Leisure: A History of Ideas, the Puritans were not exactly opposed to fun and games as they have been stereotyped as such. In fact, the puritans played stool ball which was an early form of baseball.
Yoram Weiss, the author of Work and Leisure: A History of Ideas, reexamines an old question: what is work and why do we do it?[95] This is important because work was such an important part of the puritan culture and in order to understand other parts of their culture, one has to understand the largest part of their culture…or the largest stereotypical part of their culture. The main point as Yoram Weiss puts “was to review labor economics from the broader perspective of outsiders, including those who established our field. Labor was a familiar activity that most humans have experienced and many have thought about.[96]” The most important part of this article was how Yoram Weiss defines work and distinguishes it from leisure. In modern societies, as Weiss writes, leisure has become an option for a large segment of the population. The leisure activities have changed as well. Yoram Weiss addresses Smith by saying “Hunting and fishing, the most important employments of mankind in the rude state of society, become in it was advanced state their most agreeable amusements, and they pursue for pleasure what they once followed from necessity. In the advanced state of society, therefore, they are all very poor people who follow as a trade, what other people pursue as a pastime.”[97] The question then was how one can distinguish leisure from work? Yoram Weiss than addresses Jevons definition of labor as “any painful exertion of mind or body undergone partly or wholly with a view to future good.[98]” Applying the principle of diminishing marginal utility (and increasing marginal disutility), Jevons shifted attention from work or leisure as such to the marginal units of each activity.[99] The Counter-Argument has been brought to you by Gary Becker. Gary Becker asserts “that although the social philosopher might have to define precisely the concept of leisure, the economist can reach all his traditional results, as well as many more, without introducing it at all!”[100] Yoram Weiss addresses this counter-argument: “There was a real empirical challenge in such distinctions because of joint production.”[101] It was important to shift through all arguments and find the ones that were relevant and the ones that do not live up to their hype.
The puritans did not look kindly on games that were played, especially at times when it was not deemed by the puritan religion, appropriate. According to the annual report of the town of Plymouth, MA, in 1637 William Bradford created a law that:
“all and every person and persons whatever shall on the lord’s day carefully apply themselves to duties of religion and piety publically and privately, and no tradesman, artificer, laborer or other person whatever shall upon the land or otherwise do or exercise any labor business or work of their ordinary calling, nor engage in any game, sport, play, or recreation on the lord’s day, or any part thereof upon that every person so offending shall forfeit five shillings.”[102]
As you can see from this town record, the puritans a way of doing things, but the above described way of doing things is what I call the old way of the puritan culture. This would change with time and a man named Edmund Andros. The change to culture did not come because the puritans had an epiphany, but because Edmund Andros forced their hand. Yet, before Andros, the puritans and Governor Bradford instilled economic penalties on those who did not conform to the separatist way. Governor Bradford was a detriment to the early forms of baseball.
The issues as it pertains to stool ball and early baseball as well as the puritan’s culture can be answered by referring to Dewey D. Wallace who wrote “acknowledging that the way a culture plays tells us much about that culture, argues that the Puritan tradition harbored ambivalence about play, regarding recreation as both necessary and yet dangerous when excessive, an attitude captured in the phrase sober mirt.”[103] The idea that Puritan tradition held ambivalence about play says that they were more than open to these activities or at least segments of the population were okay with such activities.[104] This segment kept the early baseball alive until Edmund Andros would force the puritan’s hand.
When it comes to the type of entertainment the puritans enjoyed if any, it is best to consult John C. Sommerville who wrote “The very existence of Puritan works of entertainment for children will amount to an historical discovery. Even more surprising will be the evidence that Puritans were far ahead of others in producing such works.”[105] “The Marprelate tracts themselves indicate the form of humor which Puritans would ultimately were able to offer for children, in the figure of the clown. This was not quite what one would expect; wit can be biting, and the Puritan party did produce satirists who could flay the opposition.”[106] This is important because one must understand the culture of the puritans outside religion to follow the stool ball narrative within the context of Plymouth Plantation.
In 1646, during William Bradford’s last stint as Governor of Plymouth Colony, he struck what thankfully wasn’t the final blow to the survival of early baseball. The record reads “complaints having been made to the general court of disorders occasioned by the use of shuffle-board and bowling, in and about Houses of Common entertainment, where by much precious time is spent unprofitably, and much waste of wine and beer occasioned” the court prohibited shuffle-board and bowling or any other play or game in or about any such house under penalty of twenty shillings for the keeper of the house and five shillings for every person who played at said game.”[107]
One of the interesting things about Plymouth, Massachusetts and their recreational habits was that William Bradford in one stroke of a pen tried to limit the towns people’s ability to partake in such activities, but as much as William Bradford’s ideology drives him to be the early villain of baseball, there was an unsuspected hero who forces Governor Bradford’s hand on the issue…Sir Edmund Andros, an English colonial administrator in North America and the governor of the Dominion of New England. Before his service in North America, he served as Bailiff of Guernsey.[108] Shortly after his arrival, Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if it was meetinghouse could be used for services of the Church of England.[109] When he was rebuffed, he demanded and was given keys to Samuel Willard’s Third Church in 1687.[110] Services were held there under the auspices of Rev. Robert Ratcliff until 1688, when King’s Chapel was built.[111] These actions highlighted him as pro-Anglican in the eyes of local Puritans,[112] who would later accuse him of involvement in a horrid Popish plot.[113] His tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent, as his views were decidedly pro-Anglican, a negative quality in a region home too many Puritans.[114] His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow at that time in 1689 Boston revolt.[115] It is funny that Andros became a hero of baseball. I must stress, he was only a hero of baseball for a short time. Never the less, Andros forced the puritan’s hand on sport when he went after the governance on land. Now, this of course was indirectly, but the adjustments the puritans made ended up helping baseball or the early form of the game.
Viola Barnes wrote that Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England. Edmund Andros introduced quit-rents as a means of raising colonial revenues.[116] Titles previously issued in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of form (for example, lacking an imprint of the colonial seal), and most of them did not include a quit-rent payment.[117] This was where Sir Edmund Andros would seize opportunity and exploit colonists. Edmund Andros’s operation found that land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter, or there were conflicting claims in a number of areas.[118] The manner in which Andros approached the issue was to threaten any landowner whose title was in any way dubious. Some landowners went through the confirmation process, but many refused, since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land, and they viewed the process as a land grab.[119] The Puritans of Plymouth, Massachusetts, who as individuals had extensive landholdings, were among the latter.[120] This is the area where Edmund Andros helped the game of baseball. By sticking his nose into the puritan’s way of governing of landholdings, he forced the puritan’s hand.
Henry Roscoe wrote that given that all of the existing land titles in Plymouth, Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter, Andros essentially declared them to have been void, and required landowners to recertify their ownership, paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charging of a quit-rent. Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion,[121] but Viola Barnes wrote that large landowners who owned many parcels (or ‘commons’ as the town record calls it) contested these individually, rather than recertifying all of their land.[122] This is how Andros saved the early form of baseball.
The Puritans answer to keeping their land from Edmund Andros was giving more land grants, but this time the land was for the public or commons (common land). In the town record in 1686 it read:
at this towne (town) meting (meeting) George Bonam Senior in the behalf of himself and several other of the propriators of the meadows at the south meaddows requested liberty of the towne for a common land to be used fore (for) leisure.[123] The common right here refered to was the title to land which it was necessary to defend against the claim of Andros.[124]
The puritans clearly called an audible. The puritans protected their land by giving more land grants. And in a twist, the puritans gave land grants for public use just so they would be able to protect all of their land. Some of this designated public land was designated for use of leisure. This is how Edmund Andros forced the hand of the puritans. This is why Edmund Andros is important to the story of early baseball. It helps explain how the puritans were able to overcome Governor Bradford and make one of the greatest contributions to American culture, far greater than anyone ever thought the puritans made to our society.
Bruce Daniels writes despite the general understanding of sport was contrary to the work of the righteous, the Puritan doctrine of uniting the spirit and the body in a collective health was advocated by William Burkitt, a Puritan theologist, as well as by other Puritan leaders.[125] As Wagner said, Burkitt refers to “lawful recreation” as “both needful and expedient” in the perfecting of the people.[126] Brailsford added scholars recorded in the Standion journal note that as Puritan theology evolved, it was the understanding that the body shifted from an inherently sinful entity to a “neutral” quality of life.[127] The Puritans, therefore, sought a productive and consecrated use of the body.[128] Perry Miller said that this understanding of the body allowed for greater interpretation concerning what was appropriate and what was not.[129] As Bruce Daniels wrote, “Play is ubiquitous psychologists say, because fun is essential in order to do the serious things of life work, survive, reproduce, and live in social groups.”[130] Bruce Daniels goes on to question “Why was it necessary to remind people to persuade them against their instinctive reaction that the religious settlers of colonial New England sought relaxation and pleasure in their lives? Many societies past and present had reputations for restrictive views of the pursuit of pleasure, but few peoples conjure up as strong an image of asceticism as did the Puritans do.”[131]
The Puritans led by Governor William Bradford had a lot of obstacles to overcome in order to deliver the future United States one of the largest contributions any early group of people has made to American culture, and all these obstacles were imposed by their separatists Governor William Bradford. Thanks to the help of people like Edmund Andros and groups like the Wampanoag, who forced them to live in an adjusted way. The biggest obstacle faced by the Puritans, imposed by the villain Bradford, was their strict religion. Paul Seaver put it beautifully “one hand, whether Puritanism is more than a neo-idealist reification of a nonentity, and on the other, whether the early modern middle class is more than a myth, it might be the better part of wisdom to inter the remains of these vexed questions as quietly as possible.[132] What followed was not a perverse attempt to flog a dead horse, if it was dead and a horse, but rather on the basis of a different perspective and different evidence to resurrect a part of what Timothy Breen has called “the non-existent controversy.”[133]
In retaliation to the Puritans and other colonies organizing in town hall meetings and running an “end run” around Edmund Andros, Edmund Andros sought to restrict town meetings, since these were where that protest had begun.[134] Sir Edmund Andros introduced a law that sought to limit town hall meetings by each colony to a single annual meeting.[135] This single town hall meeting was limited for the sole purpose of electing officials, and the law enacted by Edmund Andros explicitly banned the town hall meetings for any other reason or for any other reason.[136] The lack of local power brought about great frustration.[137] Often the protests were organized so that the town meeting and were violations of the Magna Carta.[138] Once backing William Bradford into changing the way land was used to have parts of land for common use such as leisurely activity, all of a sudden, Sir Edmund Andros, Governor of the Dominion of New England, has become a villain to the early survival of baseball.
As the town record reads,
“Att (at) A towne (town) meting (meeting) held att plimouth the 23” day of January 1687, 88 Att this meting an order from his Excellence” was published Whereon he did Require the sd (said) towne of plimouth to appere (appear) before his excellence’ To make out there title to Clarks Island Whereupon a voat (vote) being caled (called) for to know the towns answer The towne haveing (having) Considered thereof do Answer that they are Resolved to defend there Rite (right) in the above sd Hand to there utmost according to law and therefore Chose a Committey Sir Edmund Andros declared the titles of all public lands vested in the crown.[139] The town expended so much money in resisting the claim of Andros to Clark’s Island that it was finally obliged after the accession of William and Mary and the deposition of Andros, to sell the Island.”[140]
This story illustrated not only the origins of baseball, but the origins of a major part of American culture. United States of America’s government and democracy has a lot of British (or English) aspects to the foundation. My project showed that a major cultural aspect of England was a major aspect of American culture today. That it was important because it provides a historical genealogy of American cultural traits. It was much like when Egyptologists use cross-cultural comparisons to hypothesize what the Greeks may have picked up in their culture. American origins, cultures and religions that most impacted the most successful democracy in human history….knowing our countries origins have been important because the United States of America has not been like Europe or Asia, where they have existed in some capacity for 2,000 years. The origins of baseball were just one part of the origins of American culture. So for one, future academic reasons. Secondly, this story was important because it has reflect the contributions of a small colony on a large world power 300 years later, contributions that have largely gone uncredited. This was a story of how a small colony left one of the largest legacies of any group in North American history, but not without help, and not without obstacles. What little scholarship that was out there that talks about recreation in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620-1692 only confirms that recreation took place and does very little to describe the behind the scenes of Puritan life. Puritan life as it is focused on in scholarly research and by my best judgment were laborious days, religious devotion at night (in general). Thankfully, I have found some scholarly work that does confirm broad recreational participation in Puritan New England. That helps me further my effort with primary sources that illustrate such activities. The problem with the many primary sources in this subject was that Puritans did not go out of the way to write about how often they played stool ball, though it has been mentioned in their writings enough to know the puritans did play such a game.
[1] Of Plymouth Plantation. William Bradford. Plimoth Plantation. Pilgrim children play and learn. Copyright 2003-2018. January 7, 2018. https://www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework-help/fun-and-games
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[8] Peter A. Piccione Batting the Ball. Copyright 2003-2004 http://piccionep.people.cofc.edu/sekerhemat.html
[9] Peter A. Piccione Batting the Ball. Copyright 2003-2004 http://piccionep.people.cofc.edu/sekerhemat.html
[10] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[11] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[12] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[13] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[14] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[15] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[16] Anchorage Museum. HOME FIELD ADVANTAGE: BASEBALL IN THE FAR NORTH. January 5, 2018. https://www.anchoragemuseum.org/exhibits/home-field-advantage-baseball-in-the-far-north/baseball-in-the-far-north/
[17] “History of Stoolball England”. United Kingdom: Stoolball England. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
[18] “History of Stoolball England”. United Kingdom: Stoolball England. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
[19] ” Block, David (2006). Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6255-3.
[20] Tony Collins, John Martin & Wray Vamplew, eds. (2005). The Encyclopedia of traditional British Rural Sports. Routledge Sports Reference.
[21]Block, David (2006). Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game. University of Nebraska Press.
[22] Tony Collins, John Martin & Wray Vamplew, eds. (2005). The Encyclopedia of traditional British Rural Sports. Routledge Sports Reference.
[23] Block, David (2006). Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game. University of Nebraska Press.
[24] Tony Collins, John Martin & Wray Vamplew, eds. (2005). The Encyclopedia of traditional British Rural Sports. Routledge Sports Reference.
[25] Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894). The traditional games of England, Scotland, and Ireland: with tunes, singing-rhymes, and methods of playing according to the variants extant and recorded in different parts of the Kingdom. David Nutt (publisher), London. Archived by archive.org on June 26, 2007
[26] Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894). The traditional games of England, Scotland, and Ireland: with tunes, singing-rhymes, and methods of playing according to the variants extant and recorded in different parts of the Kingdom. David Nutt (publisher), London. Archived by archive.org on June 26, 2007
[27] From a Berkeley manuscript of c.1641 1066 to 1618 printed for subscribers by John Bellows, Gloucester, 1883–1885
[28] OED Online. September 2012. Oxford University Press. 21 September 2012
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[103] Wallace, Dewey D. Church History 66, no. 3 (1997): 616-17. Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England
[104] Wallace, Dewey D. Church History 66, no. 3 (1997): 616-17. Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England
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[107] George Francis Dow. Everyday Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Dover Publishing. New York, NY 1935, 1988. Ch. 9 Sports and Games.
[108] Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) [1923]. The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. New York: Frederick Ungar.
[109] Lustig, Mary Lou (2002). The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pg. 141
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[133] Seaver, Paul. “The Puritan Work Ethic Revisited.” Journal of British Studies 19, no. 2 (1980): 35-53.
[134] Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) [1923]. The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. New York: Frederick Ungar. Pg. 97
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[139] Annual Report of the Town of Plymouth 1636-1705. Pg. 192. https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofto1636unse#page/192/mode/2up/search/Andros
[140] Annual Report of the Town of Plymouth 1636-1705. Pg. 192. https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofto1636unse#page/192/mode/2up/search/Andros
Chapman's Corner 